TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of 3 Days of Oral Azithromycin on Young Children with Acute Diarrhea in Low-Resource Settings
T2 - A Randomized Clinical Trial
AU - Ahmed, Tahmeed
AU - Chisti, Mohammod Jobayer
AU - Rahman, Muhammad Waliur
AU - Alam, Tahmina
AU - Ahmed, Dilruba
AU - Parvin, Irin
AU - Kabir, Md Farhad
AU - Sazawal, Sunil
AU - Dhingra, Pratibha
AU - Dutta, Arup
AU - Deb, Saikat
AU - Chouhan, Aishwarya
AU - Sharma, Anil Kumar
AU - Jaiswal, Vijay Kumar
AU - Dhingra, Usha
AU - Walson, Judd L.
AU - Singa, Benson O.
AU - Pavlinac, Patricia B.
AU - McGrath, Christine J.
AU - Nyabinda, Churchil
AU - Deichsel, Emily L.
AU - Anyango, Maurine
AU - Kariuki, Kevin Mwangi
AU - Rwigi, Doreen
AU - Tornberg-Belanger, Stephanie N.
AU - Kotloff, Karen L.
AU - Sow, Samba O.
AU - Tapia, Milagritos D.
AU - Haidara, Fadima Cheick
AU - Mehta, Ashka
AU - Coulibaly, Flanon
AU - Badji, Henry
AU - Permala-Booth, Jasnehta
AU - Tennant, Sharon M.
AU - Malle, Dramane
AU - Bar-Zeev, Naor
AU - Dube, Queen
AU - Freyne, Bridget
AU - Cunliffe, Nigel
AU - Ndeketa, Latif
AU - Witte, Desiree
AU - Ndamala, Chifundo
AU - Cornick, Jennifer
AU - Qamar, Farah Naz
AU - Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir
AU - Qureshi, Shahida
AU - Shakoor, Sadia
AU - Thobani, Rozina
AU - Hotwani, Aneeta
AU - Kabir, Furqan
AU - Mohammed, Jan
AU - Manji, Karim
AU - Duggan, Christopher P.
AU - Kisenge, Rodrick
AU - Sudfeld, Christopher R.
AU - Kibwana, Upendo
AU - Somji, Sarah
AU - Bakari, Mohamed
AU - Msemwa, Cecylia
AU - Samma, Abraham
AU - Bahl, Rajiv
AU - De Costa, Ayesha
AU - Simon, Jonathon
AU - Ashorn, Per
N1 - Funding Information:
Funding/Support: This trial was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant OPP 1126331).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Royal Society of Chemistry. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/12/16
Y1 - 2021/12/16
N2 - Importance: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines do not recommend routine antibiotic use for children with acute watery diarrhea. However, recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of such episodes have a bacterial cause and are associated with mortality and growth impairment, especially among children at high risk of diarrhea-associated mortality. Expanding antibiotic use among dehydrated or undernourished children may reduce diarrhea-associated mortality and improve growth. Objective: To determine whether the addition of azithromycin to standard case management of acute nonbloody watery diarrhea for children aged 2 to 23 months who are dehydrated or undernourished could reduce mortality and improve linear growth. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Antibiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial was a multicountry, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial among 8266 high-risk children aged 2 to 23 months presenting with acute nonbloody diarrhea. Participants were recruited between July 1, 2017, and July 10, 2019, from 36 outpatient hospital departments or community health centers in a mixture of urban and rural settings in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Pakistan, and Tanzania. Each participant was followed up for 180 days. Primary analysis included all randomized participants by intention to treat. Interventions: Enrolled children were randomly assigned to receive either oral azithromycin, 10 mg/kg, or placebo once daily for 3 days in addition to standard WHO case management protocols for the management of acute watery diarrhea. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality up to 180 days after enrollment and linear growth faltering 90 days after enrollment. Results: A total of 8266 children (4463 boys [54.0%]; mean [SD] age, 11.6 [5.3] months) were randomized. A total of 20 of 4133 children in the azithromycin group (0.5%) and 28 of 4135 children in the placebo group (0.7%) died (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.40-1.27). The mean (SD) change in length-for-age z scores 90 days after enrollment was -0.16 (0.59) in the azithromycin group and -0.19 (0.60) in the placebo group (risk difference, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.06). Overall mortality was much lower than anticipated, and the trial was stopped for futility at the prespecified interim analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: The study did not detect a survival benefit for children from the addition of azithromycin to standard WHO case management of acute watery diarrhea in low-resource settings. There was a small reduction in linear growth faltering in the azithromycin group, although the magnitude of this effect was not likely to be clinically significant. In low-resource settings, expansion of antibiotic use is not warranted. Adherence to current WHO case management protocols for watery diarrhea remains appropriate and should be encouraged. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03130114.
AB - Importance: World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines do not recommend routine antibiotic use for children with acute watery diarrhea. However, recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of such episodes have a bacterial cause and are associated with mortality and growth impairment, especially among children at high risk of diarrhea-associated mortality. Expanding antibiotic use among dehydrated or undernourished children may reduce diarrhea-associated mortality and improve growth. Objective: To determine whether the addition of azithromycin to standard case management of acute nonbloody watery diarrhea for children aged 2 to 23 months who are dehydrated or undernourished could reduce mortality and improve linear growth. Design, Setting, and Participants: The Antibiotics for Children with Diarrhea (ABCD) trial was a multicountry, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial among 8266 high-risk children aged 2 to 23 months presenting with acute nonbloody diarrhea. Participants were recruited between July 1, 2017, and July 10, 2019, from 36 outpatient hospital departments or community health centers in a mixture of urban and rural settings in Bangladesh, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Pakistan, and Tanzania. Each participant was followed up for 180 days. Primary analysis included all randomized participants by intention to treat. Interventions: Enrolled children were randomly assigned to receive either oral azithromycin, 10 mg/kg, or placebo once daily for 3 days in addition to standard WHO case management protocols for the management of acute watery diarrhea. Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality up to 180 days after enrollment and linear growth faltering 90 days after enrollment. Results: A total of 8266 children (4463 boys [54.0%]; mean [SD] age, 11.6 [5.3] months) were randomized. A total of 20 of 4133 children in the azithromycin group (0.5%) and 28 of 4135 children in the placebo group (0.7%) died (relative risk, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.40-1.27). The mean (SD) change in length-for-age z scores 90 days after enrollment was -0.16 (0.59) in the azithromycin group and -0.19 (0.60) in the placebo group (risk difference, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.06). Overall mortality was much lower than anticipated, and the trial was stopped for futility at the prespecified interim analysis. Conclusions and Relevance: The study did not detect a survival benefit for children from the addition of azithromycin to standard WHO case management of acute watery diarrhea in low-resource settings. There was a small reduction in linear growth faltering in the azithromycin group, although the magnitude of this effect was not likely to be clinically significant. In low-resource settings, expansion of antibiotic use is not warranted. Adherence to current WHO case management protocols for watery diarrhea remains appropriate and should be encouraged. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03130114.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85122015636&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36726
DO - 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.36726
M3 - Article
C2 - 34913980
AN - SCOPUS:85122015636
SN - 2574-3805
VL - 4
JO - JAMA network open
JF - JAMA network open
IS - 12
M1 - e2136726
ER -