TY - JOUR
T1 - Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Associates with Growth Faltering and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction in Children
AU - Narvaez-Rivas, Monica
AU - Setchell, Kenneth D.R.
AU - Galandi, Stephanie L.
AU - Zhao, Xueheng
AU - Iqbal, Najeeha Talat
AU - Ahmed, Sheraz
AU - Iqbal, Junaid
AU - Syed, Sana
AU - Ali, Syed Asad
AU - Moore, Sean R.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was funded grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to Syed Asad Ali OPP1138727 and Sean Moore OPP1144149; Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health grants no. K43TW010697 (NTI) and D43TW007585 (SAA, SRM); and by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health under award number K23DK117061 (SS).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023 by the authors.
PY - 2023/4
Y1 - 2023/4
N2 - Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is characterized by intestinal inflammation, malabsorption and growth-faltering in children with heightened exposure to gut pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), in association with childhood undernutrition and EED, as potential biomarkers to predict growth outcomes. The study comprised a cohort of undernourished rural Pakistani infants (n = 365) and age-matched controls followed prospectively up to 24 months of age. Serum NEFA were quantified at ages 3–6 and 9 months and correlated with growth outcomes, serum bile acids and EED histopathological biomarkers. Serum NEFA correlated with linear growth-faltering and systemic and gut biomarkers of EED. Undernourished children exhibited essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), with low levels of linoleic acid and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, compensated by increased levels of oleic acid and increased elongase and desaturase activities. EFAD correlated with reduced anthropometric Z scores at 3–6 and 9 months of age. Serum NEFA also correlated with elevated BA and liver dysfunction. Essential fatty acid depletion and altered NEFA metabolism were highly prevalent and associated with acute and chronic growth-faltering in EED. The finding suggests that targeting early interventions to correct EFAD and promote FA absorption in children with EED may facilitate childhood growth in high-risk settings.
AB - Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is characterized by intestinal inflammation, malabsorption and growth-faltering in children with heightened exposure to gut pathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), in association with childhood undernutrition and EED, as potential biomarkers to predict growth outcomes. The study comprised a cohort of undernourished rural Pakistani infants (n = 365) and age-matched controls followed prospectively up to 24 months of age. Serum NEFA were quantified at ages 3–6 and 9 months and correlated with growth outcomes, serum bile acids and EED histopathological biomarkers. Serum NEFA correlated with linear growth-faltering and systemic and gut biomarkers of EED. Undernourished children exhibited essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD), with low levels of linoleic acid and total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, compensated by increased levels of oleic acid and increased elongase and desaturase activities. EFAD correlated with reduced anthropometric Z scores at 3–6 and 9 months of age. Serum NEFA also correlated with elevated BA and liver dysfunction. Essential fatty acid depletion and altered NEFA metabolism were highly prevalent and associated with acute and chronic growth-faltering in EED. The finding suggests that targeting early interventions to correct EFAD and promote FA absorption in children with EED may facilitate childhood growth in high-risk settings.
KW - biomarkers
KW - environmental enteric dysfunction (EED)
KW - non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)
KW - stunting
KW - undernutrition
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85153757979&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/metabo13040489
DO - 10.3390/metabo13040489
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85153757979
SN - 2218-1989
VL - 13
JO - Metabolites
JF - Metabolites
IS - 4
M1 - 489
ER -
