TY - JOUR
T1 - Exploring the antitumor effects of Pd(II) complexes with nitrogen donor ligands towards breast carcinoma
AU - Hussain, Shazia
AU - Masood, Sara
AU - Hussain, Shabeeb
AU - Hussain, Irfan
AU - Malik, Fouzia
AU - Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem
AU - Zafar, M. Naveed
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2025.
PY - 2025/8
Y1 - 2025/8
N2 - Pd(II)-containing complexes exhibit considerable potential as therapeutic agents against cancer owing to their proficiency in selectively targeting neoplastic cells compared to cisplatin. In this context, we describe the synthesis of square planar palladium complexes of the general formula [Pd(L1−8)2] from imino-amido-based asymmetrical (NN) proligands (HL1−8) and characterized based on melting point, CHN analysis, spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR), and ESI–MS. DFT computations are employed to elucidate the characteristics of the frontier orbitals and MEP analysis. In the current investigation, the precursors, proligands, Pd(II) complexes and cisplatin were systematically assessed for their anticancer efficacy against breast carcinoma (BT-474, BT-483, and BT-459) by MTT assay. Among the compounds subjected to evaluation, the complex [Pd(L7)2] demonstrated superior capacity in inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells, exhibiting median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.10, 9.01, and 7.20 µM than standard cisplatin (IC50 = 18.70, 19.40, 19.30 µM), respectively. Cellular apoptosis assessment of [Pd(L5−8)2] exhibited characteristic apoptotic phenomena including membrane blebbing and DNA condensation. Furthermore, electronic spectroscopy was used to evaluate the binding modalities of complexes with CT DNA, supported by the in silico docking studies. [Pd(L7)2] exhibited the mixed binding mode with a binding affinity in the range of 104 M−1.
AB - Pd(II)-containing complexes exhibit considerable potential as therapeutic agents against cancer owing to their proficiency in selectively targeting neoplastic cells compared to cisplatin. In this context, we describe the synthesis of square planar palladium complexes of the general formula [Pd(L1−8)2] from imino-amido-based asymmetrical (NN) proligands (HL1−8) and characterized based on melting point, CHN analysis, spectroscopic techniques (FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR), and ESI–MS. DFT computations are employed to elucidate the characteristics of the frontier orbitals and MEP analysis. In the current investigation, the precursors, proligands, Pd(II) complexes and cisplatin were systematically assessed for their anticancer efficacy against breast carcinoma (BT-474, BT-483, and BT-459) by MTT assay. Among the compounds subjected to evaluation, the complex [Pd(L7)2] demonstrated superior capacity in inhibiting the proliferation of breast cancer cells, exhibiting median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.10, 9.01, and 7.20 µM than standard cisplatin (IC50 = 18.70, 19.40, 19.30 µM), respectively. Cellular apoptosis assessment of [Pd(L5−8)2] exhibited characteristic apoptotic phenomena including membrane blebbing and DNA condensation. Furthermore, electronic spectroscopy was used to evaluate the binding modalities of complexes with CT DNA, supported by the in silico docking studies. [Pd(L7)2] exhibited the mixed binding mode with a binding affinity in the range of 104 M−1.
KW - Apoptosis
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - DNA
KW - Metal complexes
KW - Pd(II)
KW - Schiff bases
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105007288981
U2 - 10.1007/s10534-025-00702-9
DO - 10.1007/s10534-025-00702-9
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:105007288981
SN - 0966-0844
VL - 38
SP - 1235
EP - 1254
JO - BioMetals
JF - BioMetals
IS - 4
ER -
