Exploring the lived experiences of menstrual hygiene management among in-school visually impaired adolescent girls in rwanda: a phenomenological study

Background: In low-income countries, many menstruating persons continue to face numerous challenges regarding menstrual hygiene management. Visual impairment further compounds the difficulties faced by in-school adolescent girls, but little is known about its consequences in Rwanda. Objective: To explore the lived experiences of menstrual hygiene management among in-school visually impaired adolescent girls in Rwanda. Design: Descriptive phenomenology. Methods: This study was conducted in four specialized educational institutions for visually impaired students in Rwanda. We conducted four focus group discussions with 25 visually impaired adolescent girls selected purposively. The seven steps of Colaizzi’s method were used to analyze the data. Results: Some participants reported double stigma due to both gender norms and menstruation as well as being visually impaired. Due to taboos and misconceptions around menstruation, some participants reported not getting accurate information about menstrual hygiene management from their parents or teachers. Some poor practices related to taboos and misconceptions such as drying the reusable clothes out of sight of others were reported. Finally, some participants faced a double burden regarding period poverty. Due to the lack of sanitary pads, some must wear reusable clothes, which are challenging to clean and dry. In case of water outages, participants could not travel to fetch water. Educational materials in three out of four girls’ rooms are visual, making it difficult for visually impaired girls to access accurate information. Conclusions: This study reveals the significant challenges visually impaired adolescent girls face in managing menstruation, compounded by societal norms and their disability. The double stigma highlights the need for targeted interventions to reduce discrimination and misconceptions. Addressing inadequate access to MHM education, period products, and infrastructural issues like water shortages is essential for creating an enabling environment for these girls.