Functionalized nanoparticles and their environmental remediation potential: a review

Environmental pollution is a significant cause of disease throughout the globe, but the dangers are disproportionately greater in developing nations due to poverty, a lack of investment in new technologies, and inadequate environmental regulations. Using nanoscale and size control, nanotechnology may be able to offer solutions to environmental problems. The application of nanotechnology to enhance air, water, and soil quality holds excellent promise. Detection and sensing of pollutants by the use of nanoparticles is improved, which aids in the development of new cleaning methods. Capping agents enhance the bioactivity of nanoparticles as the saturation bond caused by the capping agents on the nanoparticle's surface protects the particle from its surrounding environment. This makes it possible to manipulate the synthesis's nucleation and growth kinetics. The capping agents may also prevent the transport of additional reagents to the nanoparticle surface and may lower the toxic effects of metallic nanoparticles. The current review provides information regarding capping agents and applications of capped nanoparticles in controlling environmental pollution, including details about methodologies to enhance the catalytic activities of capped nanoparticles. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]