TY - JOUR
T1 - Global burden of metabolic diseases, 1990–2021
AU - Zhang, Huai
AU - Zhou, Xiao Dong
AU - Shapiro, Michael D.
AU - Lip, Gregory Y.H.
AU - Tilg, Herbert
AU - Valenti, Luca
AU - Somers, Virend K.
AU - Byrne, Christopher D.
AU - Targher, Giovanni
AU - Yang, Wah
AU - Viveiros, Octavio
AU - Opio, Christopher Kenneth
AU - Mantzoros, Christos S.
AU - Ryan, John D.
AU - Kok, Kenneth Yuh Yen
AU - Jumaev, Nozim Adxamovich
AU - Perera, Nilanka
AU - Robertson, Andrew Gerard
AU - Abu-Abeid, Adam
AU - Misra, Anoop
AU - Wong, Yu Jun
AU - Ruiz-Úcar, Elena
AU - Ospanov, Oral
AU - Kızılkaya, Mehmet Celal
AU - Luo, Fei
AU - Méndez-Sánchez, Nahum
AU - Zuluaga, Mauricio
AU - Lonardo, Amedeo
AU - Al Momani, Hazem
AU - Toro-Huamanchumo, Carlos Jesus
AU - Adams, Leon
AU - Al-Busafi, Said A.
AU - Sharara, Ala I.
AU - Chan, Wah Kheong
AU - Abbas, Syed Imran
AU - Sookoian, Silvia
AU - Treeprasertsuk, Sombat
AU - Ocama, Ponsiano
AU - Alswat, Khalid
AU - Kong, Alice Pik Shan
AU - Ataya, Karim
AU - Lim-Loo, Michelle Ching
AU - Oviedo, Rodolfo J.
AU - Szepietowski, Olivia
AU - Fouad, Yasser
AU - Zhang, Huijie
AU - Abdelbaki, Tamer N.
AU - Katsouras, Christos S.
AU - Prasad, Arun
AU - Thaher, Omar
AU - Ali, Arshad
AU - Molina, Gabriel Alejandro
AU - Sung, Ki Chul
AU - Chen, Qin Fen
AU - Lesmana, Cosmas Rinaldi Adithya
AU - Zheng, Ming Hua
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier Inc.
PY - 2024/11
Y1 - 2024/11
N2 - Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 % UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 % UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 % UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 % [95 % UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 % [95 % UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 % [95 % UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 % [95 % UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 % [95 % UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.
AB - Background: Common metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), have become a global health burden in the last three decades. The Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) data enables the first insights into the trends and burdens of these metabolic diseases from 1990 to 2021, highlighting regional, temporal and differences by sex. Methods: Global estimates of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths from GBD 2021 were analyzed for common metabolic diseases (T2DM, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and MASLD). Age-standardized DALYs (mortality) per 100,000 population and annual percentage change (APC) between 1990 and 2021 were estimated for trend analyses. Estimates are reported with uncertainty intervals (UI). Results: In 2021, among five common metabolic diseases, hypertension had the greatest burden (226 million [95 % UI: 190–259] DALYs), whilst T2DM (75 million [95 % UI: 63–90] DALYs) conferred much greater disability than MASLD (3.67 million [95 % UI: 2.90–4.61]). The highest absolute burden continues to be found in the most populous countries of the world, particularly India, China, and the United States, whilst the highest relative burden was mostly concentrated in Oceania Island states. The burden of these metabolic diseases has continued to increase over the past three decades but has varied in the rate of increase (1.6-fold to 3-fold increase). The burden of T2DM (0.42 % [95 % UI: 0.34–0.51]) and obesity (0.26 % [95 % UI: 0.17–0.34]) has increased at an accelerated rate, while the rate of increase for the burden of hypertension (−0.30 % [95 % UI: −0.34 to −0.25]) and hypercholesterolemia (−0.33 % [95 % UI: −0.37 to −0.30]) is slowing. There is no significant change in MASLD over time (0.05 % [95 % UI: −0.06 to 0.17]). Conclusion: In the 21st century, common metabolic diseases are presenting a significant global health challenge. There is a concerning surge in DALYs and mortality associated with these conditions, underscoring the necessity for a coordinated global health initiative to stem the tide of these debilitating diseases and improve population health outcomes worldwide.
KW - Global Burden of Disease
KW - Metabolic diseases
KW - Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
KW - Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
KW - Obesity
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85201690774&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999
DO - 10.1016/j.metabol.2024.155999
M3 - Article
C2 - 39151887
AN - SCOPUS:85201690774
SN - 0026-0495
VL - 160
JO - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
JF - Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental
M1 - 155999
ER -