Global Sociodemographic Disparities in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality According to Sex, 1980 to 2021

BACKGROUND: Mortality due to ischemic heart disease (IHD) has declined in countries with high socioeconomic development. Whether these declines extend to other settings, and whether socioeconomic development influences IHD mortality among men and women differently, is unknown. METHODS: We obtained annual data on sex-specific IHD mortality rates for countries/territories in the GBD study (Global Burden of Disease) from 1980 to 2021. The sociodemographic index (SI), a measure of socioeconomic development, was retrieved for each country/territory. Age-adjusted IHD mortality rates were modeled as a smooth function of sex, year, and SI. RESULTS: From 1980 to 2021, IHD mortality rates did not decrease in low SI settings for men or women. In contrast, mortality rates relative to 1980 declined by >25% in average SI settings (age-adjusted mortality per 100 000, 153-107 for women and 218-161 for men) and >50% in high SI settings (age-adjusted mortality per 100 000, 162-69 for women and 258-114 for men). Comparing the 20th versus 80th percentile of SI in 2021 (corresponding to lower versus higher socioeconomic development), mortality rates were 81% higher for men and 111% higher for women living in socioeconomically deprived settings (P for difference by sex: 0.01), although absolute differences were larger in men. The association of low SI with higher IHD mortality was especially pronounced for mortality attributable to environmental/occupational risk factors (eg, particulate matter air pollution, lead exposure, and extremes of temperature), with mortality rates being 174% higher among women and 199% higher among men. CONCLUSIONS: Across the past 4 decades, low socioeconomic development was associated with no improvement in IHD mortality rates for men or women, in contrast to the large reductions observed in settings with high socioeconomic development. In contemporary settings, socioeconomic deprivation is associated with larger relative excess mortality in women and larger absolute excess mortality in men.