Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized from the Ethanolic Extract of the Aerial Part of Micromeria biflora

This study explored the synthesis and characterization of the iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) using Micromeria biflora extract. The rapid reduction of iron ions, evidenced by a distinct color change, signifies an efficient interaction, leading to successful FeNPs formation. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the synthesis, revealing an absorption peak at 295 nm that intensified over time. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrates phytochemical involvement. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images displayed cuboctahedron-shaped NPs with various facet formations, which are crucial for diverse applications. DISCUS package was used to simulate the shape and decorate the surface with organic molecules obtained from the extract. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to confirm the elemental composition. Additionally, potential applications, including enzyme effects and sedative and anti-inflammatory properties, were explored. The extract and FeNPs showed anticancer effects against MDR2780AD cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 1.99 and 0.91, respectively. The tested FeNPs showed 92.22%, 76.22%, and 88.23% inhibitory effects against urease, CA-II, and XO, respectively. The maximum percentage analgesic effects of the extract (100 mg/kg) and FeNPs (10 mg/kg) were 65 and 82, respectively. The maximum anti-inflammatory effect was observed at the third hour of treatment. The anti-inflammatory effect of FeNPs (90%) was superior to that of the extract (60%).