Nutritional Empowerment Through Food Fortification and Biofortification

Affecting approximately 2 billion individuals globally, micronutrient deficiencies, otherwise known as hidden hunger, constitute one facet of the triple burden of malnutrition. The persistent and widespread scarcity of essential micronutrients is not only a global food concern but also an outcome of the choices that have shaped our food systems. Food fortification and biofortification are well-established strategies to tackle micronutrient deficiencies in large segments of at-risk populations; therefore, national and international health agencies have prioritized micronutrient fortification programs as a focal point for addressing widespread micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Through the enrichment of commonly consumed staples and condiments, food fortification and biofortification have the potential to revolutionize food systems without necessitating alterations in consumer behavior or imposing significant costs. However, the success of fortification programs depends not only on the biological effectiveness of fortified foods but also on the efficient and enduring implementation, necessitating ongoing monitoring, quality assurance, and control. In this chapter, we discuss food fortification and biofortification, highlighting their complementary roles as key food system interventions.