Persistent neurological sequelae in children and adolescents after SARS-CoV-2: a scoping review

Objectives: For the past five years, COVID-19 has not only been a priority for health planning but also a hotspot for clinical research. Yet, the weight of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic arises from the critical phase consequences due to the onset of acute disease, associated containment measures, and documented ongoing disabling symptoms. Investigating the global longitudinal effects on children and adolescents will inform future health directives tailored to this population’s needs. This review aimed to report the spectrum of persistent neurological sequelae in children and adolescents following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: Hence, we conducted a scoping review following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We included the peer-reviewed articles from PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and WHO COVID database to identify relevant literature on long-COVID-19 neurological signs/symptoms among children and adolescents. The search covered the period between September 2020 and September 2024. Results: The results of our analysis of 33 studies found long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms were predominantly: pain and sensory problems (N = 74,612/91,543; 81.5%), followed by sleep disturbances (N = 14,630/91,543; 15.9%), and cognitive difficulties (N = 2274/91,543; 2.4%). The global prevalence of long COVID-19 neurological signs/symptoms was estimated between 0.4% (20/5032; 95% CI = 2.1–3%) and 34% (27/79) based on data obtained through online questionnaire; while it varied between 1.8% (4/215) and 83.14% (74/89; 95%CI = − 0.12; 0.30) based on patient assessment. Long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms were more common in the 11–16 age group. Children with immunocompetent profiles were at higher risk of developing long-COVID-19-related neurological signs/symptoms. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate a considerable burden of COVID-19-related persistent neurological signs/symptoms in children and adolescents, which should be taken into consideration in healthcare decision-making.