TY - JOUR
T1 - Potentially toxic elements’ occurrence and risk assessment through water and soil of Chitral urban environment, Pakistan
T2 - a case study
AU - Rehman, Inayat ur
AU - Ishaq, Muhammad
AU - Ali, Liaqat
AU - Muhammad, Said
AU - Din, Imran Ud
AU - Yaseen, Muhammad
AU - Ullah, Hameed
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
PY - 2020/12
Y1 - 2020/12
N2 - This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (n = 66) and soil (n = 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10–4) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 < RI < 380. Higher values of CF, Igeo and PERI revealed the presence of pollution and pose risk to ecological environment.
AB - This study investigated the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTE) including copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), molybdenum (Mo) and manganese (Mn) in water and soil of the Chitral city, Pakistan. For this purpose, water (n = 66) and soil (n = 48) samples were collected from various locations of the Chitral city and analyzed for the PTE concentrations. Determined PTE concentrations were evaluated for the human and ecological potential risk. Results revealed that hazard quotient through water consumption was less than the threshold limit (1). However, for soil, the Fe mean hazard index (HI > 1) value for children only surpassed the threshold limits. The mean cancer risk index values via soil exposure were higher (RI > 1 × 10–4) through consumption of Co, Ni and Cd for children and only Co for adults. Contamination factor (CF) values for Mo, Cd and Fe were found very high, considerable and moderate for 79%, 8% and 77% of sampling sites, respectively. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) showed that soils were moderately–heavily polluted due to Mo. Potential ecological risk index (PERI) values exhibited considerable risk with an average risk index value in the range 190 < RI < 380. Higher values of CF, Igeo and PERI revealed the presence of pollution and pose risk to ecological environment.
KW - Cancer risk
KW - Chronic risk
KW - Contamination factor
KW - Potential ecological risk index
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85079700263
U2 - 10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4
DO - 10.1007/s10653-020-00531-4
M3 - Article
C2 - 32060863
AN - SCOPUS:85079700263
SN - 0269-4042
VL - 42
SP - 4355
EP - 4368
JO - Environmental Geochemistry and Health
JF - Environmental Geochemistry and Health
IS - 12
ER -
