TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence and predictors of smoking in Pakistan
T2 - Results of the National Health Survey of Pakistan
AU - Ahmad, Khabir
AU - Jafary, Fahim
AU - Jehan, Imtiaz
AU - Hatcher, Juanita
AU - Khan, Abdul Qayum
AU - Chaturvedi, Nish
AU - Jafar, Tazeen H.
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank members of the Pakistan Medical Research Council, and the United States Department of Health and Human Services for their assistance in acquisition of the NHSP data. This research was supported by grants from Fogarty International Centre, NIH (T.H.J and N.C).
PY - 2005/6
Y1 - 2005/6
N2 - Objective: We analysed data collected during a nationwide cross-sectional household survey to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with smoking in Pakistan. Design: Population-based, cross-sectional survey [National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) 1990-1994]. Methods: A population-based survey was carried out in Pakistan during 1990-1994. A nationally representative sample of 18 135 individuals aged 6 months and older was surveyed. We restricted this analysis to individuals aged 15 years or older (n = 9442). The main outcome measure was self-reported smoking. Smokers were defined as individuals who reported current smoking and having smoked at least 100 cigarettes or 'beddies' during their lifetime. Results Overall prevalence of smoking was 15.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14.5-15.9%]. It was 28.6% (27.3-29.9%) among men and 3.4% (2.9-3.9%) among women. The highest prevalence was reported in men aged 40-49 years (40.9%). The independent predictors of smoking identified in the multivariate logistic regression analysis included age, male gender, ethnicity and illiteracy. Conclusions: One out of every two to three middle-aged men in Pakistan smoke cigarettes. Our findings suggest that ethnically sensitive smoking control programmes that include measures for improving literacy rates are needed in Pakistan.
AB - Objective: We analysed data collected during a nationwide cross-sectional household survey to estimate the prevalence of and identify factors associated with smoking in Pakistan. Design: Population-based, cross-sectional survey [National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) 1990-1994]. Methods: A population-based survey was carried out in Pakistan during 1990-1994. A nationally representative sample of 18 135 individuals aged 6 months and older was surveyed. We restricted this analysis to individuals aged 15 years or older (n = 9442). The main outcome measure was self-reported smoking. Smokers were defined as individuals who reported current smoking and having smoked at least 100 cigarettes or 'beddies' during their lifetime. Results Overall prevalence of smoking was 15.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 14.5-15.9%]. It was 28.6% (27.3-29.9%) among men and 3.4% (2.9-3.9%) among women. The highest prevalence was reported in men aged 40-49 years (40.9%). The independent predictors of smoking identified in the multivariate logistic regression analysis included age, male gender, ethnicity and illiteracy. Conclusions: One out of every two to three middle-aged men in Pakistan smoke cigarettes. Our findings suggest that ethnically sensitive smoking control programmes that include measures for improving literacy rates are needed in Pakistan.
KW - Cross-sectional study
KW - National Health Survey
KW - Pakistan
KW - Predictors of smoking
KW - Prevalence of smoking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=21344473212&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/00149831-200506000-00003
DO - 10.1097/00149831-200506000-00003
M3 - Review article
C2 - 15942416
AN - SCOPUS:21344473212
SN - 1741-8267
VL - 12
SP - 203
EP - 208
JO - European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
JF - European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation
IS - 3
ER -