TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban population
AU - Akhter, Z.
AU - Razzaq, S.
AU - Rabbani, U.
AU - Irfan, M.
AU - Burney, P.
AU - Nafees, A. A.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank MM Kadir, M John and their team, and K Abbas, L Azhar, G Maryam and R Sabir for facilitation and contribution in the line listing process for this study; W Ahmed, S Khan, N Jamal, S Muneer, R Mehran, S Naeem, A Khan and K Minai for their contributions during the various phases of data collection and data management in the study; I Azam for valuable input with the sample size calculation and data analysis; and study participants for providing useful information and their valuable time. The primary study was funded through the Seed Money Grant (PF20/0512), Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. Additional support was provided by Chiesi Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Union
PY - 2021/1/1
Y1 - 2021/1/1
N2 - OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban Pakistani population. METHODS: We conducted a multi-stage, community-based, cross-sectional survey from May 2014 to August 2015, comprising 1629 adults from 75 random clusters in Karachi using questionnaire-based interviews. RESULTS: Around 60% of participants were females and 43% belonged to the .37 years age group. At least one respiratory symptom was reported by 37.5% of participants. Breathlessness was the most common symptom (25.2%, 95%CI 23.1-27.3), followed by acute wheeze (10.1%, 95%CI 8.7-11.7). Multivariable models revealed that males and those aged .37 years were more likely to report acute and chronic phlegm and bronchitis, and breathlessness. Participants with a higher level of education were less likely to report acute and chronic cough. Participants with .5 years pack-years of smoking were more likely to report acute and chronic cough and breathlessness. Other risk factors included passive smoking, regular use of air conditioning and mosquito coils, wet spots and mould in the house, and exposure to dusty jobs. CONCLUSION: We found breathlessness to be the most prevalent respiratory symptom and identified various risk factors for respiratory symptoms.
AB - OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence of and risk factors for respiratory symptoms in an adult urban Pakistani population. METHODS: We conducted a multi-stage, community-based, cross-sectional survey from May 2014 to August 2015, comprising 1629 adults from 75 random clusters in Karachi using questionnaire-based interviews. RESULTS: Around 60% of participants were females and 43% belonged to the .37 years age group. At least one respiratory symptom was reported by 37.5% of participants. Breathlessness was the most common symptom (25.2%, 95%CI 23.1-27.3), followed by acute wheeze (10.1%, 95%CI 8.7-11.7). Multivariable models revealed that males and those aged .37 years were more likely to report acute and chronic phlegm and bronchitis, and breathlessness. Participants with a higher level of education were less likely to report acute and chronic cough. Participants with .5 years pack-years of smoking were more likely to report acute and chronic cough and breathlessness. Other risk factors included passive smoking, regular use of air conditioning and mosquito coils, wet spots and mould in the house, and exposure to dusty jobs. CONCLUSION: We found breathlessness to be the most prevalent respiratory symptom and identified various risk factors for respiratory symptoms.
KW - Pakistan
KW - Respiratory symptoms
KW - Risk factors
KW - Smoking
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099231310&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.5588/IJTLD.20.0057
DO - 10.5588/IJTLD.20.0057
M3 - Article
C2 - 33384040
AN - SCOPUS:85099231310
SN - 1027-3719
VL - 25
SP - 16
EP - 22
JO - International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
JF - International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
IS - 1
ER -
