TY - JOUR
T1 - Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its correlates
T2 - Results of a community-based study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan
AU - Khan, Aysha Habib
AU - Iqbal, Romaina
AU - Naureen, Ghazala
AU - Dar, Farhan Javed
AU - Ahmed, Feroza Nazir
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to Miss Maqboola Dojki and Miss Firdaus Shahid for their administrative support and Mr Muhammad Anwar for his support in field work. The data presented in this manuscript are part of the study “To assess the effect of dietary calcium intake and vitamin D status on bone turnover markers in Pakistani adult females,” which was funded by Pakistan Science Foundation: project no. PSF/Res/S-AKU/Med (263).
PY - 2012/12
Y1 - 2012/12
N2 - Of the 305 premenopausal females in a cross-sectional study in randomly selected communities of Karachi, Pakistan, 90.1 % showed to be vitamin D deficient. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to address D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed. Aims: This study aims to find out the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in community-dwelling premenopausal females in Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected communities downtown (Saddar) and suburbs (Gulshan and Malir Town) in Karachi, Pakistan. Information related to sociodemographics (age, education, employment, and household income), housing structure, sunlight exposure, and skin pigmentation as well as dietary intake (using a food frequency questionnaire) was collected. Serum vitamins D 3 levels were also measured. Mean and SD was computed for continuous variables and frequency and proportions were computed for categorical variables. Data were further analyzed by Chi-square test and ANOVA. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to find out determinants of vitamin D (VD) levels. Results: Total of 305 premenopausal females were recruited. Mean age, BMI, and waist circumference of the study participants was 31.97 ± 8 years, 25.06 ± 5.6 kg/m2, and 88.42 ± 13.3 cm, respectively. Majority of the females were vitamin D deficient (91.50 %) with mean vitamin D levels of 21.77 ± 21.66 nm/L. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly different among females residing in downtown and suburbs. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency was observed in females dwelling in downtown (Saddar). According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, determinants of VD levels were age, town of residence, and housing structure. Conclusion: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is seen in females in the community of Karachi, Pakistan. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were the significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to combat the issue of D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed.
AB - Of the 305 premenopausal females in a cross-sectional study in randomly selected communities of Karachi, Pakistan, 90.1 % showed to be vitamin D deficient. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to address D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed. Aims: This study aims to find out the prevalence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in community-dwelling premenopausal females in Karachi. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected communities downtown (Saddar) and suburbs (Gulshan and Malir Town) in Karachi, Pakistan. Information related to sociodemographics (age, education, employment, and household income), housing structure, sunlight exposure, and skin pigmentation as well as dietary intake (using a food frequency questionnaire) was collected. Serum vitamins D 3 levels were also measured. Mean and SD was computed for continuous variables and frequency and proportions were computed for categorical variables. Data were further analyzed by Chi-square test and ANOVA. Multiple linear regression analysis was done to find out determinants of vitamin D (VD) levels. Results: Total of 305 premenopausal females were recruited. Mean age, BMI, and waist circumference of the study participants was 31.97 ± 8 years, 25.06 ± 5.6 kg/m2, and 88.42 ± 13.3 cm, respectively. Majority of the females were vitamin D deficient (91.50 %) with mean vitamin D levels of 21.77 ± 21.66 nm/L. Mean vitamin D levels were significantly different among females residing in downtown and suburbs. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency was observed in females dwelling in downtown (Saddar). According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis, determinants of VD levels were age, town of residence, and housing structure. Conclusion: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is seen in females in the community of Karachi, Pakistan. Age, town of residence, and housing structure were the significant predictors of vitamin D levels. Measures to combat the issue of D deficiency and its associated long latency effects are urgently needed.
KW - Community
KW - Karachi
KW - Pakistan
KW - Risk factors
KW - Vitamin D deficiency (VDD)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84876288110&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1007/s11657-012-0108-x
DO - 10.1007/s11657-012-0108-x
M3 - Article
C2 - 23152063
AN - SCOPUS:84876288110
SN - 1862-3522
VL - 7
SP - 275
EP - 282
JO - Archives of Osteoporosis
JF - Archives of Osteoporosis
IS - 1-2
ER -
