TY - JOUR
T1 - Risk Factors Associated with Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoid in an Outbreak Setting of Lyari Town Karachi, Pakistan
AU - Batool, Rabab
AU - Qureshi, Sonia
AU - Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir
AU - Kazi, Momin
AU - Ali, Miqdad
AU - Qamar, Farah Naz
N1 - Funding Information:
Financial support: This research was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant no. INV000640_2018).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. All rights reserved.
PY - 2022/5
Y1 - 2022/5
N2 - Typhoid fever is endemic in Pakistan, with high annual incidence rates. An outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever that first started in the Hyderabad district of Sindh province in November 2016 immediately spread to the whole province. We conducted an age-matched case–control study to assess the risk factors of typhoid fever in an outbreak setting of Lyari Town, Karachi. We enrolled 82 patients with blood culture-confirmed Salmonella typhi between August 2019 to December 2019, 82 age-matched hospital and 164 age-matched community control subjects. In a matched conditional logistic regression model, consumption of meals outside the home more than once per month was associated significantly with developing culture-confirmed typhoid fever compared with no consumption of food outside the home (odds ratio, 4.11). Hygiene of the environment in which food is prepared, practices of adult food handlers, access to clean water, and food legislation play significant roles in the spread of typhoid fever.
AB - Typhoid fever is endemic in Pakistan, with high annual incidence rates. An outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever that first started in the Hyderabad district of Sindh province in November 2016 immediately spread to the whole province. We conducted an age-matched case–control study to assess the risk factors of typhoid fever in an outbreak setting of Lyari Town, Karachi. We enrolled 82 patients with blood culture-confirmed Salmonella typhi between August 2019 to December 2019, 82 age-matched hospital and 164 age-matched community control subjects. In a matched conditional logistic regression model, consumption of meals outside the home more than once per month was associated significantly with developing culture-confirmed typhoid fever compared with no consumption of food outside the home (odds ratio, 4.11). Hygiene of the environment in which food is prepared, practices of adult food handlers, access to clean water, and food legislation play significant roles in the spread of typhoid fever.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85129967475&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1323
DO - 10.4269/ajtmh.21-1323
M3 - Article
C2 - 35344928
AN - SCOPUS:85129967475
SN - 0002-9637
VL - 106
SP - 1379
EP - 1383
JO - American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
JF - American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
IS - 5
ER -