Roles of Gibberellins in Plant Defense against Biotic and Abiotic Stress

A group of plant hormones known as gibberellins is crucial for controlling multiple stages of plant development (Hedden and Sponsel 2015). Gibberellins are categorized by their enantiomeric (ent) structure rather than biological action. Avar et al. (2015) categorize them as ent-gibberellin-ringed cyclic diterpenes. C20 GAs are those that have all 20 carbon atoms, while C19 GAs are those that lack one carbon atom (Sponsel 2016). The GAs that affect higher plants biologically are C19 compounds. A group of closely similar tetracyclic diterpenoid acids known as gibberellins serves an essential function as plant growth hormones. An individual subscription number, GAn, is assigned to each recognized gibberellin, where n generally corresponds to the discovery order. Gibberellic acid (GA) is the first gibberellin with a recognized structural identity. The abundance of known gases is due to the variety of the ent-gibberellin ring system (Toner et al. 2021). Due to this diversity, cells can undergo various structural changes. Gibberellins are produced by higher plants, fungi, and bacteria, and their chemical structure is based on diterpenoid acids that contain isoprene residues (Jan et al. 2021).