The Care of Preterm and Term Newborns with Respiratory Conditions: A Systematic Synthesis of Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Introduction: Neonatal respiratory conditions are leading causes of mortality and morbidity during the neonatal period. This review evaluated 11 management interventions for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), apnoea of prematurity (AOP), meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), as well as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) as a potential complication from respiratory care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Methods: Two different methodological approaches were completed: (1) updating outdated reviews and pooling all LMIC studies and (2) re-analysis of LMIC studies from up-to-date reviews. Review updates were conducted between October 2022 and February 2023 and followed systematic methodology. A total of 50 studies were included across four review updates and seven review reanalyses. Results: Findings indicate that bubble CPAP (RR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.58 0.96) and prophylactic CPAP (RR 0.39, 95% CI: 0.26 0.57) for RDS reduced the risk of treatment failure compared to other ventilation types or supportive care, respectively. Postnatal corticosteroids reduced BPD assessed as oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (RR 0.56, 95% CI: 0.41 0.77). All other outcomes were found to be non-significant across remaining interventions. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that prophylactic and bubble CPAP may provide some benefit by reducing treatment failure compared to other pressure sources. The safety and efficacy of other management interventions for RDS, AOP, BPD, MAS, and TTN remains uncertain given limited evaluations in LMICs. Future research should conduct adequately powered trials in underrepresented LMIC regions, investigate long-term outcomes, and evaluate costeffectiveness.