Unleashing the Healing Power of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteochondral Abnormalities

Purpose: Osteochondral abnormalities, affecting millions globally, are a leading cause of disability. Stem cell therapy offers a promising treatment for degenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), found in various tissues, have the potential for differentiation and rapid growth. MSCs can be isolated from bone marrow, fat tissue, and other sources for therapeutic applications. Method: MSCs hold exciting potential in regenerative medicine due to their ability to home to injury sites, promote blood vessel formation (angiogenesis), differentiate into specialized cells, and respond to inflammation. Results: MSCs can develop in vitro into Chondrocytes, Osteoblasts, Adipocytes, and Myocytes. Numerous cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines are secreted by MSCs. Theoretically, the advantages of MSCs from different sources vary in their capability to repair or regenerate injured osteochondral tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells’ diverse secretome enables them a better option for osteochondral disorders. MSC homing may have a major influence on the repair of bone fractures. Bone and cartilage tissue form and evolve as a composite material through a complex process involving molecular, vellular, and biochemical metabolic changes. Conclusion: Effective fracture healing relies heavily on the environment surrounding the fracture and the recruitment of sufficient MSCs. Many studies have investigated the functional expression of various chemokine receptors, growth factors, and adhesion molecules in MSCs. This study explores the therapeutic potential of MSCs for treating bone and cartilage disorders. Lay Summary: Stem cells hold immense potential for healing damaged bones and cartilage. These unique cells can transform into different cell types, making them ideal for repair and regeneration. Researchers believe stem cells could revolutionize the treatment for amputations, damaged cartilage, and bone diseases. This review explores the exciting world of stem cell therapy for bone and cartilage regeneration. It discusses different sources of stem cells and how researchers are investigating their use in repairing osteochondral defects. By understanding how stem cells work, scientists hope to develop new and effective treatments for these conditions. Graphical Abstract: Graphical Representation of Source of Adult Stem Cells and their Potential in Osteochondral Regeneration. (Figure presented.).