@article{378654d46fca4969bb39ce805d1172ed,
title = "Ventricular depolarisation vectors in exercise induced myocardial ischaemia",
abstract = "Ischaemia reduces membrane excitability and conduction of myocardial depolarisation. This would alter the synergy of electromotive forces that contribute to a resultant force at any instant. Changes in magnitude and direction of resultant forces are reflected in electrocardiographic signals. Here we show a method for obtaining the coordinates of resultant electrical forces during exercise derived from a bipolar orthogonal lead system for calculation of electrical vectors in three planes. In a trial, analysis of changes in vectors indicated that the extent of reduction in magnitude with exercise was significantly greater in groups of patients categorized by impaired effort tolerance and signs of ischaemia. Measurement of changes in the spectrum of depolarisation vectors during exercise has the potential for non-invasive assessment of myocardial ischaemia. This could be the basis of a portable, low-cost tool for investigation of patients with symptoms suggestive of coronary artery disease.",
author = "Vellani, {Cameruddin W.} and Mohammad Yusuf and Sadia Mahmud and Satwat Hashmi",
note = "Funding Information: Vectorcardiography (VCG) derived from simultaneously recorded orthogonal lead signals, averaged to minimise artefact, enables measurement of the magnitude and direction of planar vectors during ventricular depolarisation. This paper describes the method developed at the Aga Khan University (AKU) and results of its initial trial. The study was funded by the AKU Research Council. The method has been patented (Vectorcardiographic Signal Analyser, USA. Patent No: US 9, 226, 674 B2: January 5, 2016). Funding Information: The research was funded by Aga Khan University (AKU) Research Council. The data were collected in the Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine at the AKU Hospital. The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of Dr Santosh Kumar in collection of the data for the study and early stages of analysis, as well as Mr Aijaz-ul-Haq and the Department of Biomedical Engineering AKU Hospital for development of equipment for recording VCG. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017 The Author(s).",
year = "2017",
month = dec,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1038/s41598-017-14865-0",
language = "English",
volume = "7",
journal = "Scientific Reports",
issn = "2045-2322",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "1",
}