Vitamin D and metabolic syndrome-associated diseases: interconnections and implications

Vitamin D plays a crucial role beyond calcium regulation, influencing immune function, glucose metabolism, and lipid balance. Growing evidence links vitamin D deficiency to metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of conditions, including insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. This chapter explores how inadequate vitamin D levels may contribute to MetS by impairing insulin signaling, promoting inflammation, and affecting oxidative stress. It also highlights the role of vitamin D in pancreatic β-cell function, insulin sensitivity, and blood pressure regulation through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The impact of vitamin D on lipid metabolism and cardiovascular health is examined. While research suggests potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in MetS management, uncertainties remain. By synthesizing molecular, clinical, and translational insights, this chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of vitamin D’s role in MetS, offering perspectives on dietary and therapeutic strategies for improving metabolic health.